ENGLISH FOR ADVANCEMENT_UG SEMESTER 2 MATERIAL_ KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY

KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY

UG (GENERAL ENGLISH) END SEMESTER EXAM PATTERN

MODEL PAPER – CBCS -2019-20

B.A./B.Com/ B.Sc./ B.B. A - SEMESTER II Examination

Time: 3 Hrs]                                            [Marks: 80

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Question paper pattern & Model Paper Sem- II

( Internal=20, Written =80, Total=100)

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Answers to the following questions should be in SERIAL ORDER

SECTION – A (Marks: 4x5= 20)

Q1.  Answer any FOUR of the following:

a) Add suitable Prefix or Suffix to the following words                   5x1=5

b) Write suitable Synonyms to the following words                         5x1=5

c) Find out the kinds of following sentences                                     5x1=5

d) Correct the following sentences                                                    5x1=5                   

e) Comprehension Passage – Seen                                                    5x1=5

f) Comprehension Passage – Unseen                                                 5x1=5

SECTION – B (Marks: 60)

Answer ALL the questions

Q2.  Attempt either A or B from the following                                          1X10=10

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions

OR

What is formal and informal context? Explain with suitable examples.

               

Q3.  Attempt either A or B from the following                                           1X10=10

 Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions given below 

OR

 What is stress in the English language?  Give any five examples.

Q4.  Attempt any two of the following Essay Questions in about 125 words. 2X10=20

                                A or B from Unit I

                                C or D from Unit II

Q5.  Annotate any two of the following in about 125 words.                           2X10=20         

        A or B from Unit III

                                C or D from Unit IV

Section-A, Question.No. (a) PREFIX/ SUFFIX

Prefix/ Suffix
Sl.No	Prefix	Meaning	Example
1	A, An	Without	Amoral, Apathy, Anharmonic, Anemia, Anonymous
2	Ab,  Abs	Away	Abnormal, Absent, Absolve, Absorb, Abnormal
3	Ad	To, Toward	Advice, Accept, Attract, Adjective, Advocate
4	All	Completely	Already, Always, Alone, All-round, Alright
5	Ambi	Both	Ambiguous, Ambivert, Ambiguously, Ambient, Amphibious
6	Ana	Up, Back	Analysis, Analogue, Analogy, Anabasis, Analytic
7	Ante	Before	Antecedent, Ante position, Ante type, Anteroom
8	Anti	Against	Antisocial, Antibody, Antivirus, Antibiotic, Antilog
9	Apo	Awya	Apology, Apocope, Apolexy, Apograph, Apostate
10	Arch	Chief	Architect, Architecture, Archrival, Archaeology
11	Auto	Self	Autograph, Autonomy, Automobile, Autonomous, Automatic
12	Be	Thoroughly	Behavior, Beloved, Bewail, Bestow, Become, Betide
13	Bi	Two	Bicycle, Bisect, Biennial, Bifocal, Binomial, Biweekly
14	Cata	Down	Catalogue, Cataract, Catatonia, Catalyst, Catabasis
15	Circum	Around	Circumstance, Circumvent, Circumcise, Circum neutral
16	Com	Together	Compound, Compute, Combine, Concept, Combat
17	Contra	Against	Contrast, Contrary, Controller, Contraposition, Contrarily
18	De	Down	Desire, Decision, Desire, Deformed, Derive, Debunk
19	Di	Twice	Dilemma, Dioxide, Divide, Digraph, Dicentric
20	Dia	Through	Diagonal, Diagram, Diameter, Dialect, Diaspora, Dispason
21	Dis	The opposite	Disagree, Different, Disaster, Disadvantage, Disease
22	Dys	Bad	Dyslexia, Dysfunction, Dyspepsia, Dystopia, Dysuria
23	Eco	house	Ecology, Economy, Ecocide, Ecologist, Ecotype
24	En, Em	In, Into	Enroll, Empoly, Empower, Endanger, Embark
25	Epi	Upon	Episode, Epiphyte, Epidemic, Epimyth, Eponym
26	Eu	Well	Euphori, Eulogy, Eugeny, Eupepsia, eutrohythmics
27	Ex	Out of	Excepinary, Expect, Excel, Excurdion, Export
28	Extra	Outside	Extraordinary, Extrajudical, Extrovert, Extavagant
29	Fore	In the front of	Foreword, Forecast, Foretell, Foreword, Forefinger
30	Hetero	Other	Heterodox, Heteronym, Heterotroph, Heterozygous
31	Homo	Same	Homogeneous, Homophone, Homomorph, Homograph
32	Hyper	Excessive	Hypersensitive, Hypertext, Hyperbola, Hyperactive
33	Hypo	Under	Hypocrisy, Hypocrisy, Hypothermia, Hypocrite
34	In, Il, Im, Ir	Not	Illegal, Irregular, Imperfect, Illegal, Invisible, illogical
35	In, Il, Im, Ir	In, Into	Inculde, Imprison, Inject, Influx, Imprison, Interior
36	Inter	Between	Intervention, Interchange, Intercourse, Interval
37	Intra	Within	Intremura, introvert, Introduce, Intravenous
38	Macro	Large	Macroeconomics, Macrometer, Macrobian, Macrometer
39	Mal	Bad	Malpractice, Malaria, Maladroit, Malcontent, Malediction
40	Mega	Great	Megabyte, Megastore, Megalith, Megaphone, Megaton
41	Meta	Change	Metabolism, Metamorphosis, Metaphysics, Metathesis
42	Micro	small	Microscope, Microphone, Microgram, Microbiology, Microfilm
43	Mini	Short	Minimize, Miniature, minimart, Minimal, Miniskirt
44	Mis	Wrong	Misunderstand, Misbehavior, Miscount, Mischange, Mischief
45	Mono	One	Monopoly, Monograph, Monodrama, Monarch, Monoglot
46	Neo	New	Neolithic, Neonatal, Neology, Neophyte, Neoliberal
47	Non	Not	Nonsense, Nonstop, Nonprofit, Nonpayment, Nonfiction
48	Ob, Op	Against	Obstacle, Object, Oppose, Obligate, Offend, Occur
49	Out	Outside	Outdoor, Outflow, Outlive, Outlet, Outsource, Outlook
50	Over	Too much	Overdose, Overact, Overcast, Over bridge, Overheat
51	Para	Beside	Parabola, Paradigm, Paradox, Parade, Parallel, Parasol
52	Per	Through	Perform, Perfect, Perannum, Percent, Percent, Perceive
53	Peri	Around	Perimeter, Period, Perinatal, Perinatal, Periscope
54	Poly	Many	Polyclinic, Polygon, Polymath, Polymer, Polyglot
55	Post	After	Postpone, Postmortem, Postpaid, posterity, Postcard
56	Pre	Before	Precaution, Prevent, Precede, Presume, Precept
57	Pro	Forward	Proceed, Purpose, Produce, Portray, Purview
58	Proto	First	Protocol, Prototype, Protozoa,  Protolog, Protozoology
59	Pseudo	Not genuine	Pseudoism, Pseudomorph, Pseudocide, Pseudoptics
60	Quadri	Four	Quadrilateral, Quadrangle, Quadrant, Quadruped, Quadruplet
61	Re	Again	Recall, Rebuild, Rejoin, Rewrite, Recycle, Retest, Remind
62	Retro	Backwards	Retrograde, Retrofit, Retroject, Retrocede, Retroverse
63	Se	Apart	Select, Secret ,Secede, Separate, Seclude, Segregation
64	Semi	Half	Semicircle, Semifinal, Semicircle, Semivowel, Semiconductor
65	Sub	Under	Subgroup, Subject, Suggestion, Suspect, Suppose, Suffer
66	Super	Over	Supervise, Superman, Surplus, Surround, Superstar
67	Syn	Together	Syndicate, Synonym, System, Symptom, Syndrome, Syllogism
68	Tele	Distance	Telephone, Televise, Telecast, Telegram, Telescope, Teletext
69	Trans	Across	Transport, Transfer, Traverse, Translate, Transmit
70	Ultra	Extremely	Ultrasonic, Ultrasound, Ultraism, Ultraist, Ultramodern
71	Un	Not	Unable, Unwilling, Unhappy, Unknown, Unlock
72	Under	Below	Underage, Underweight, Underground, Underarm
73	Uni	One	Uniform, Unanimous, unicycle, Unique, Union
74	Up	Higher	Upgrade, Upwind, Upper, Upturn, upstream, Upward
75	Vice	In place of	Vice-principal, Viceroy, Vice-admiral, Vice-caption
S.No	Word	Meaning	Example
1	Able	can be	Calculable,  comfortable,  believable,  payable,  eatable.
2	Acy	the state of	accuracy,  primacy,  pharmacy,  literacy,  numeracy.
3	Ade	result of an action	decade,  arcade,  comrade,  arcade,  limeade.
4	age	the state of	marriage, mileage, breakage, storage, carriage.
5	Al	connected with	medical,  mental, usual,  natural,  internal.
6	Ance	the action of	attendance ,  acceptance, assistance, distance,  balance.
7	Ancy	the state of	vacancy,   accountancy,  infancy, expectancy, consultancy.
8	Ant	being in the state	applicant,   brilliant,  instant, accountant, important.
9	Ar,Er,Or	a person	painter,   beggar,  dancer,  actor,  grammar.
10	Ary	connected with	stationary,  primary, dictionary, vocabulary.
11	Ate	cause to be	passionate,  deviate, liquidate,  Sulphate,  educate.
12	Ation	the action of	formation,  purification,   verification.
13	Cide	kill	homicide,   decide,  pesticide,   suicide,   ecocide.
14	Cracy	rule of	aristocracy,  democracy,   autocracy, plutocracy, gerontocracy.
15	Cule	very small	molecule, minuscule, ridicule,  crepuscule,  reticule.
16	Dom	the state of	stardom, freedom,  kingdom,  wisedom,   serfdom.
17	Ee	a person affected by an action	referee,  trustee,   devotee,  payee,  trainee.
18	En	made of	golden,  weaken,  soften,  lighten, smoothen.
19	Esce	to become	adolescence,  senescence,  senescent,  effervescent,  evanesce.
20	Est	most	interest,   fattest,  greatest, tallest, latest.
21	Ful	full of	beautiful, fearful,  helpful,  careful, useful.
22	Graphy	a form of writing	autobiography,  geography,   radiography,  photography.
23	hood	the state of	childhood,  boyhood,  fatherhood,  falsehood,  motherhood.
24	Ian	a specialist of	mathematician,  theologian,  grammarian,  technician.
25	Ic	connected with	historic,  dynamic,  poetic,  academic,  economic.
26	ics	the science	physics,   economics,  ethics,  mathematics, civics.
27	Id	being in the state	rapid,  humid,  turbid,   stupid, morbid.
28	Ify	to make	verify,  unify,  purify,  simplify,  satisfy,  solidify.
29	Ile	capable of	ductile,  puerile,  tacyile,  fertile,  mobile.
30	Ine	characteristic of	routine,  divine,  tirbine,  medicine, chlorine.
31	Ing	on going	healing,  interesting, shocking,  arresting,  spelling.
32	Ise	to make	exercise,   franchise,  advertise.
33	Ish	having the nature of	childish,  oldish,  reddish,  girlish,  Irish.
34	Ism	the system of	tourism,  terrorism,  realism, socialism, heroism.
35	Ist	a person	humanist,  naturalist, chemist,   novelist.
36	Ite	having the quality of	favorite , unite,  graphite,  sulphite.
37	Ity	the state of	clarity,  charity,    superiority,  acidity.
38	Ium	a place	stadium,  auditorium,  medium,  radium,  aquarium.
39	Ive	tending to	expensive,  adjective,  creative,  positive,  conjunction.
40	Less	without	hopeless,  helpless,  baseless,  painless,  useless.
41	ly	in the manner of	brotherly,  properly,  scholarly,   honestly.
42	Mania	mental illness	bibliomania,   anglomania,   egomania,   monomania .
43	Ment	the result of	agreement,  management, implement,  instrument.
44	Mony	state	parsimony,  testimony,   harmony,  alimony,  antimony.
45	Most	the furthest	almost,  topmost ,   backmost,  southernmost,   rearmost.
46	Ness	the state of	business,      weakness,   strangeness,    sadness,   richness.
47	Oid	similar to	humanoid,   asteroid,        aneroid,   steroid,   typhoid.
48	Ology	a subject of study	phraseology,   biology,        philology,  bacteriology,  oncology.
49	Osis	condition	neurosis,   psychosis,    scoliosis,  narcosis,  thrombosis.
50	Ous	the quality of	nervous,  poisonous,  glorious,   religious,  pervious.
51	Phobia	fear	homophobia,   Anglophobia,  pyrophobia, logophobia.
52	Ship	the status of	friendship,  championship,     fellowship,  scholarship,  township.
53	Some	likely to	handsome,  foursome,  winsome,  chromosome,  fearsome.
54	Th	ordinal number	fifth, death,  millionth,  growth,  health,  bath.
55	Tomy	cutting	lobotomy,  hystertomy,  colostomy,  laparotomy, dichotomy.
56	Tude	the state of	attitude,  altitude,  gratitude,  multitude,  solitude.
57	Ure	the process of	future,  procedure,  culture,  picture,   pleasure.
58	Ward	in the diection of	inward,  onward,  forward,  heavenward,  homeward.
59	Wise	in the manner of	streetwise,  crosswise,  likewise,  otherwise,  stepwise.
60	Y	tending to	crafty, sticky,   cheery,  dusty,  easy.

Section-A, Question.No. (c)Types of Sentences

A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a declarative or assertive sentence. Its purpose is to relay information, and it is punctuated with a period(FULL STOP). This is the most common sentence type.

       Ex:  I like ice-cream.;  The wind is blowing from the west.;  He wants to eat cookies

A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. These are direct questions, and they are punctuated with a question mark( ? ). Many interrogative sentences start with question words like "how" or "why," but others are yes/no questions that begin with the verb instead of the noun.

        Ex: Where do you live in California?; How can I get to this karate teacher? ; Whose dog is that?

A sentence that expresses a command order or request, in the form of friendly advice, basic instructions is called in imperative sentence.  Many imperative sentences end in periods, but some of the more forceful demands may end in an exclamation point to highlight the emotion.

       Ex:  Come to the ball dance with me. ;      Shut the door.  ;    Stop bothering me!

A sentence that expresses strong sudden feeling is called an exclamatory sentence. They are easily recognized because they end in an exclamation point( ! ) instead of a period. The subject of the sentence may be omitted

       Ex:  Wow, she must love scuba diving!   ;      How clever he is! ; What a beautiful flower!

 Task1

Read examples below and identify the types of sentences.

1.       Please leave your footwear outside. 2.       Where have you been all this while? 3.       How kind of you! 4.       I am your friend. 5.       My sister lives in Mexico. 6.       What did you do then? 7.       Never speak to me like that again. 8.       Always remember what I told you. 9.       The ball rolled slowly into the goal. 10.    Do be a bit more careful.

11.   Will the teacher be late? 12.   He scored a goal. 13.   I completed my college application essay. 14.   Read this book now. 15.   The trip was exciting! 16.   Who graduated at the top of a class? 17.   Shut the door. 18.   What a cute dog! 19.   Peanut is better than jam. 20.    Brush your teeth.

Task2

Read examples below and identify the types of sentences

1.       What a wonderful opportunity! 2.       It is a wonderful opportunity. 3.       How kind of you to help him! 4.       It is very kind of you to help him. 5.       What a great pleasure it is! 6.       This is indeed a great pleasure. 7.       Is not wisdom better than riches? 8.       Wisdom is better than riches. 9.       Did I ever ask you to do it? 10.   I never asked you to do it. 11.   Is there any sense in doing that? 12.   There is no sense in doing that. 13.   Stop talking. 14.   Will you stop talking? 15.   Shut the door. 16.   Will you shut the door? 17.   Please, get me a glass of water. 18.   We will not tolerate this. 19.    How well he sings! 20.   Wow, he just won a gold medal!

21.   Will you, please, get me a glass of water? 22.   Get out of here. 23.    Will you get out of here or not? 24.   Open the door. 25.   Get me a glass of coffee. 26.   Get out of here. 27.   Sit down. 28.   Wait here. 29.   Is this the kind of dress to wear to work? 30.   Is that the way a gentleman should behave? 31.   Who does not know the vulture? 32.   Can you gather grapes from thorns? 33.   Shall I ever forget that experience? 34.   What a large nose! 35.   Alas!  We lost the game! 36.    The boy walked home. 37.    I love honey. 38.   What a delicious meal! 39.   How beautiful is night! 40.   Please shut the door to keep out the bugs.

Section-A, Question.No. (d)CORRECTION OF SENTENCES

Language is a tool of communication. Sentences with grammatical correctness are necessary for effective composition.

NOUNS: The following uncountable nouns are not used in plural forms. They are:

Information, furniture, scenery, poetry, advice, knowledge, news, politics, alphabet, imagery, luggage

Rewrite the following sentences correcting the underlined parts.

1.       A lot of informations are displayed on the notice board.                       (information is)

2.       These furnitures cannot be repaired.                                                       (furniture)

3.       Some people always give meaningful advises.                                       (advice)

4.       These luggages are very heavy.                                                               (luggage )

5.       The depression in the Bay of Bengal causes changes in weathers.         (weather)

6.       The poetries of William Wordsworth deals with nature.                          (poetry)

7.       Ravi rears the sheeps.                                                                               (sheep.)

8.       Abdul Kalam had wide knowledges about space.                                    (knowledge)

9.       Foreigners are impressed by the sceneries of the Himalayas.                  (scenery )

10.   These news are informed to all members.                                                 (This news is)

Some nouns are always used in the plural and take a plural auxiliary verb.

Police, savings, innings, surroundings, premises, spectacles, goods, shoes, shorts, thanks

11.   We have to observe our surrounding.                                                 (surroundings.)

12.   The expression of thank creates good atmosphere.                             (thanks create)

13.   The premise of a house should always be neat.                                   (The premises)

14.   The second inning has begun.                                                              (innings )

15.   You should express thank to those who help you.                               (thanks )

Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as Singular.

Physics, civics, economics, series, gymnastics, athletics, measles, mumps, politics, news

16.   Economics deal with financial issues.                                               (deals )

17.   Athletics have to be practised very carefully.                                     (has)

18.   The news of the earthquake have been telecast immediately.             (has)

19.   Politics of the college have disturbed us.                                            (has )

20.   Measles were very common in olden days.                                          (was)

Articles are not used before abstract nouns, proper nouns and material nouns. When they are used specifically, “the” is used before abstract nouns and materials nouns. “The” can be used before proper nouns when they are used as Common nouns.

21.   The happiness is necessary in one’s life.                                          (Happiness )

22.   The platinum is a costly metal.                                                         (Platinum)

23.   Don’t get irritated with the anger and the emotion.                         (anger and emotion)

24.   The Bharath is an intelligent boy.                                                     (Bharath)

25.   Iron which he has brought is impure.                                               (The Iron)

26.   My both brother-in-laws are doctors.                                               (brothers-in-law)            

27.   There are five womans in the team.                                                  (women)

28.   My cousin brother is a designer.                                                       (cousin)

29.   Sneha is my cousin sister.                                                                 (cousin.)

30.   He has many fishes.                                                                          (fish.)

PRONOUNS:

“one of, either of, neither of, none of” etc are always followed by a plural noun or pronoun. When they are taken as the subject of the sentence, they are followed by a singular verb.

31.   One of my friends are a business man in Mumbai.            (is)

32.   Neither of the furniture are comfortable.                           (is)

33.   One should respect his teachers.                                        (ones)

34.   Neither SBI nor SBH are private banks.                            (is)

35.   Her both hands have been amputated.                               (Both her hands)

36.   Each of them were given a prize.                                       (was)

ADJECTIVES:

37.   She is more fatter than her mother.                                          (fatter)

38.   We have motivated a little students.                                         (a few)

39.   They are the most richest business men in the village.            (richest)

40.   The faces of Americans are whiter than Indians.                     (than those of Indians)

ARTICLES:

41.   Everyone should eat a vegetable sufficiently for a balanced diet.   (vegetables)

42.   Dinesh is an nephrologist.                                                               (a)

43.   We have waited for a hour there.                                                     (an)

44.   We have distributed five dozens oranges to the beggars.                (dozen)

45.   The earth rotates around sun.                                                           (the sun)

46.   Are you good at playing violin?                                                       (the violin)

47.   An university is a centre of higher education.                                  (A)

VERBS:

48.   They have meet the principal of the school.                                     (met)

49.   Some students are playing cricket since morning.                           (have been playing)

50.   I am knowing the address.                                                                (know)

51.   If we will help others, others will help us.                                        (help)

52.   Rakesh is going to temple daily.                                                       (goes)

53.   Are you hearing me?                                                                         (Do you hear)

ADVERBS:

54.   He is so sad to tell about his result in the examination.         (too)

55.   She works very hardly from dawn to dusk.                           (hard)

56.   We can’t walk fastly on the road.                                           (fast)

57.   Surabhi visits Shirdi often.                                                     (often visits Shirdi)

PREPOSITIONS:

58.   The problems among the two brothers are known to all.       (between)

59.   The issue is discussed between the board of directors.          (among)

60.   Children prefer ice cream than fruits.                                     (to)

61.   I am interested with studies.                                                   (in)

62.   Do not feel superior than anyone.                                           (to)
63.   We returned back the fruits.                                                    (              )

64.   One should avail the opportunities properly.                            (avail oneself)

65.   The distance between Hyderabad to Warangal is 140 Kilometers.    (and)

66.   Are you angry on your friends?                                                         (with)

CONJUNCTIONS:

67.   Though they are poor, yet they are very laborious.                                  (             )

68.   Neither Sahil nor his wife are rude.                                                           (is)

69.   Neither of the schools have been developed.                                            (has)

70.   As they have awareness about health, so they are healthy.                       (their)

71.   Since they have some problems, so they are quiet.                                   (             )

SOME OTHER COMMON ERRORS:

72.   If you will listen carefully, you can know the correct pronunciation.   (listen)

73.   There are no less than ten fans in the hall.                                       (no fewer than)

74.   Rajeev is more shorter than his father.                                             (shorter)

75.   I am older than my brother by two years.                                        (elder to)

76.   He is an European.                                                                             (a)

77.   I am one of the most tallest boys in my family.                                (the tallest)

78.   I am reading a novel for two hours.                                                  (have been reading)

79.   Hari is the most best candidate for the competition.                        (the best)

80.   Children are playing in the ground for ten minutes.                          (have been playing)

81.   He is more cleverer than his sister.                                                    (cleverer)

82.   He is running forty.                                                                          (forty)

83.   Poor need not feel guilty.                                                                 (The poor)

84.   I am looking forward for positive feedback.                                   (forward to)

85.   She has made all arrangements for the seminar yesterday.            (made)

86.   We must prevent them to enter the hall.                                          (from entering)

87.   Anil prefers biscuits than chocolates.                                             (to)

88.   Some are remembering numbers accurately.                                  (remember)

89.   We must congratulate him for his outstanding performance.         (on)

90.   Neither he drinks tea nor coffee.                                                     (He drinks neither)

91.   Either you should read or speak clearly.                                          (You should either)

92.   The president along with his members have attended the programme.      (has)

93.   The chairman and secretary wereuncorrupt.                                              (was)

94.   The water has overflown its bank in many places.                                   (over flowed)

95.   Are you good in playing the piano.                                                            (at)

96.   They are very selfish, is not it?                                                                  (aren’t they)

97.   Shilpa waited at bus stop for a hour.                                                          (an)

98.   I made him to do the work perfectly.                                                          (do)

99.   He is suffering with malaria.                                                      (from)
100.    Are you thinking about your future?                                      (Do you think)
101.   Children are fond for toys.                                                        (of)
102.   Neither he pays attention nor listens to our advice.                 (He pays neither)
103.   He returned back the amount without any delay.                      (returned)
104.   Will you go and fetch me a glass of water?                              (go and get)

105.   I am interested for playing basketball.                                       (in)

IV. Correct the following sentences wherever necessary.

106.   The room was cleaned by her every day.  (The room is cleaned by her every day.)

107.   Coffee is grown by Karnataka.                 (Coffee is grown in Karnataka.)

108.   The house has been painting by me.          (The house has been painted by me.)

109.   Let your gun put down                              (Let your gun be put down)

110.   The good news are expected.                     (The good news is expected.)

QuestionNo.2 : What is formal and informal context?

Language differs from one situation to another. To master the English language, one need to knowhow and when to use formal and informal English. English we use in formal situations like lectures and seminars is different from the English we use when chatting to friends in the coffee bar.

We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we don’t know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more casual and relaxed and involve people we know well.

Typically, the English we use when we write is different from the English we use when we speak.Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture.

Examples:

Greetings

Informal:Hi, How are ya?, How’s it going?, How ya doin’?

Informal (response): Not much, Not bad, How’s everything with you?, Can’t complain, How ‘bout you?

Formal: Hello, Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening, Nice to meet you, (title)

Formal (response): How are you doing?, I hope everything is fine with you.

Making Suggestions/Giving Advice

Informal: You know what ya need to do? You gotta…

Formal: Would you please allow me to make a suggestion?  I think it might be best to…

To Show Approval or Excitement

Informal: Cool!  Sweet! Awesome! Oh, my god that’s great!

Formal: That is wonderful news! That is terrific to hear!  That really is quite impressive.

To Say Good-bye

Informal: Bye!, See ya!, Catch ya’ later!, See you, guys!, I’m outta here!, Later y’all!, Take care now!

Formal: Good-bye, Mr./Mrs./Dr./Rev. (last name and add something to show respect, appreciation or importance to the situation) like Good-bye, Dr. Taleon.  Thank you for taking the time to talk with my mother and for being so helpful to us.

To Say Good Night

Informal: G’night!, Sleep tight!

Formal: Good night, Mr./Mrs./Dr./Rev. (last name)

Difference Between Formal and Informal Contexts

Formal Contexts	Informal Contexts
Formal English is used in more serious situations	Informal English is used in more casual and relaxed situations
In speaking to someone you don't know very well. Ex: seminars, classroom, workplace, interviews, official letters, academic papers, books	In speaking to someone you know very well. Ex: chit-chat with friends and family members.
Formal context might something really important. It may take place in a boardroom, manager’s office, large auditorium, or another formal location.	Informal context might be just to offer ideas or to build cohesion or unity.  It may take place in a casual setting, too, like an outdoor café, park or sporting event.
shows professional in verbal and written responses; supports the seriousness of the situation	Shows a sense of closeness and genuineness; and shows your personality
meets requirements in academic and work settings	Makes others feel comfortable
Formal English is characterized by longer, more complicated sentences,	Whereas casual English has simpler, shorter words and sentences.
Formal English follows the standards of English grammar.	casual English may not adhere as closely to these rules
Formal English relies on choice and accuracy of words Ex: anew, daunting, nevertheless, disclose, constitute, as it happens, etc.	Casual English may use “everyday phrases, slang expressions. Ex: Well, I think it is a good idea, you know? Dude, uh-huh , nope, stuff, like crazy
Formal English does not use the shortened words or phrases Ex: let me go, What’s up? I want to go	casual language uses words/phrases that are shortened. Ex: Lemme go!,  Whassup?, I wanna go

QuestionNo.2: Prepositions

The Preposition is a word which is placed a noun or a pronoun and it shows relation to some other words in a sentence.   Ex:-  She is fond of music,    He is applied for a Job,     Raju is good at English

Kinds of Prepositions: - There are mainly three kinds of preposition. They are:-

1. Simple Preposition: - In, at, on, by, for, from, of, off, up, with, to

2. Compound prepositions: - Before, between, among, behind, beside.

3. Phrase prepositions:- In spite of, owing to, instead of because of, on account of, In case of etc.

USES OF SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS

1. Use of “At”:-

1. with a place as a point.(one dimensional) Ex: at the corner,  at the door, at school

2. before small towns and Villages, streets, places as a point. Ex:- at the bus stop, at Utukur.

3. to express particular time.   Ex:-  at 7o clock , at 8. p.m., at breakfast, at weekend

4. with an event. Ex:  at the marriage party, at the meeting., At Christmas

2. Use of ON:-

1. to show the resting position. (two dimensional )  Ex:- on the table, on NH -563

2. with the names of week days and dates.  Ex: - on Tuesday, on 15th August, on New year day.

౩. to show the direction of something.  Ex:- on the left , on your right

             Note: I received the letter last Monday(NOT on last Monday)

4. Use of ‘IN’:

1. when we see something all around. (Three dimensional) Ex: in my pocket, in room,

2. before months, years, (longer).  Ex: in 1947, in July, in summer, in the morning, In a few days

2. Before the name of countries, big cities, towns and buildings.   Ex:- in Delhi, in Hyderabad.

Note: we use at with a town when we see it as a point.

Ex:  I changed my train at Hyderabad.,       on the way to Iran, I landed at Mumbai.

Note: You can take the exam next year (NOT in the next year)

4. Use of with:-  used with things (instruments)  

Ex:- with a knife., with a hammer, with a stick.

 5. Use of “By”:-

1. Used with the agent or doer of the action.  Ex :- Ramu struck the dog "by" a stick.

2. in the passive voice.    Ex: Pandavas were helped by Krishna.

3.  to show the mode of travel.   Ex:- by bus, by car, by train, by Jeep

4.  to refer the future time.  Ex: by next July,/ by next Sunday.

5. By means ‘not later than’.   Ex: Can you return my book by Friday (=on Friday or earlier)

6. Use of ‘For’:-to indicate a period of time. ( For two years, for a month, for 10min)

Ex:- Hari has been waiting here for 2 hours.

7. Use of ‘since’:-To indicates point of time (since 1995, since May, since 7am)

 Ex :- I have not seen him since last month.

8. Use of ‘Between’:- to indicate two persons or things and places.

Ex:-  between Uma and Suma, between 10 am and 5 pm,  between India and Pakisthan

9. Use of among:-  ‘Among’ is used when there are more than two persons or things.

Ex:-  The teacher sat among her students,  four brothers shared the property among themselves.

10. Use of Beside: Beside is used by the side of.

Ex:- .My house is beside the hospital.

11. Use of Besides:- Besides is used in the meaning of “in addition to”.

Ex:-1. I prepare Chapathi besides Puri. , I know Telugu besides English.

12. Use of upon:- to indicate movement of item. Eg:- The tiger is jumped upon the deer.

                Note: On is  used with  things at rest( it denotes position.) Ex :- He sat "on" a sofa.

13. Use of To:- to indicate place, direction.

Ex: They walked to the west, Raju is Junior to Rani,  I prefer Coffee to tea, I go to college daily.

Note: We use ‘to’ for a destination, and ‘towards’ for a direction.

Ex: We are going to Hyd.,   I am going towards Vizag, now I am at Vijayawada

14. Use of Into:-   to show the movement of something from one medium to another.

Ex:- She jumped into the well,  They went deep into the forest, The cat ran into the kitchen.

Note:  In and at are used for things at rest, while to and into are used for things in motion.

                Ex: He is in bed; He is at the top of his class; He ran to school; The rat ran into its hole

15) Before, ago :-

Before:  to denote a point of future time.  Ex: The sun will rise before 7'o clock

Ago:  to refer the past action.  Ex : He lived here long ago.

16) Within, in :-

Within :  Before the end of time Ex:  Archana will be here "within" half an hour.

In : means at the end of time.  Ex: I shall be here "in" (= at the end of) two days.

17) Till, to (upto) :-

Till : is used of time. Ex :-  He studied till 11 p.m. , I waited for him till 11 O clock

upto : used for place/person.  Ex : I went upto Delhi.,  A man came up to me and asked the address

18) BELOW and UNDER: 

Use under when one object is covered by another.  below when one object is in a lower position than the other. (Use below when the two objects are not touching.)

     Ex: The fish swims below the surface of the water.; The baby is under the blanket.

           

19) OVER and ABOVE

both over and above can mean " higher than someone or something”.( Use above when the two objects are not touching.)

    Ex: A light hangs over/above the table.;  He raised his arms over/above his head.

20) THROUGH, ACCORSS and ALONG:

Through is three dimensional. You go through a tunnel, a doorway, a crowd of people and so on

         Ex: The water flows through the pipe., I looked through the telescope.

Across is the two dimensional. You go from one side to the other such as a river or a playground.

        Ex: You can get across the Godavari by a ferry

We use along when we follow a line. You go along a path, a road, a passage, a route, and so on.

           Ex: We traveled along the river for a few miles, We walked across the river by a bridge

Agreement Features (PREPOSITIONS)

With often denotes the instrument and by the agent

Ex: He was stabbed by a mad-man with a dagger

Do not use any proposition after order, attach, resist, pick, pervade, request, succeed, inform, resemble, assist, violate, combat, benefit, afford, accompany when these verbs are used in the active voice

Ex: They attacked on him violently (wrong, say, They attacked him …..)

Angry with, not against

         We get angry with a person, but at a thing as “He is angry at the weather”

        (annoyed with, vexed with, indignant with a person, but at a thing Anxious about, not for)

                                                  

Arrive at, not to

We arrived at (and not to) the village at night

Covered with, not by

The entire equipment is covered with dust

Glad of or about, not from or with

I am glad of (or about) the news

Good at, not in

He is good at Mathematics (not in)

(Also bad at, clever at, quick at, slow at but weak in, as in “He is weak in grammar”)

Independent of, not from

Till the age of 18 Ravi was dependent on his parents, but now he is independent of them

Pleased at or with, not from

Mother is pleased at (or with) her daughter’s performance

Popular with, not among

John is popular with his friends (not among)

Take by, not from

He took the blind man by his arm(  Also hold by, catch by, snatch by, grasp by)

Tired of, not from

The children were tired of boiled eggs

(Tired with means with no energy as, I am tired with walking, I want to rest)

Warn (a person) of danger, not about danger

They were warned of the danger

(But we warn a person against a fault, as in The Policeman warned him against breaking traffic regulations)

EXERCISE:

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:-

1. The bag is _________  the top rack  _________  the cupboard.

2. They are sorry _________  having disturbed you.

3. The woman _________  the car is my neighbor.

4. Did you read the article _________  the applications _________  biotechnology.

5. Shikha spent a day _________  her aunt _________  Begumpet _________  Hyderabad

6. The baby slept peacefully _________  the telephone rang.

7. _________  the bandh, people did not go out to work.

8. Rani was angry _________  Simon and spoke harshly _________  him.

9. The building is deserted _________  pigeons and mice.

10. His clients are happy _________  Mani's work.

11. _________  the two sisters, Habiba is a better dancer.

12.  They left _________  midnight to their village.

13. Many has been living at Dubai _________  ten years.

14. The shop is _________  my flat.

15. The girls sat down _________  the lake.

16. There is a reference of the drug _________  page 33 _________  chapter 6.

17. We insisted _________  going out for a walk.

18. Don't interfere _________  my affairs.

19. He was in great need _________  affection.

20. I am surprised _________ slow pace of life here.

QuestionNo.3 : What is stress in English Language?

English is a stress time language. Stress comes at equal intervals regardless of number of syllables between them.In English, some syllables are longer some are shorter. In English, stressed syllables are louder than non-stressed syllables. In Stress time languages, the time taken to read a sentence depends on the number of stresses in it. Weak forms are common in English.Most Indian languages are syllable timed languages that means all the syllables are of equal length and each syllable takes the same time to pronounce. There are no weak forms in Indian languages.

Stress is an important feature of spoken English and clarity in the language depends to a large extent on the speaker's ability to use the English stress system.The syllable which is pronounced with extra force of breath is said to be stressed or accented.Primary stress or Accent is marked with a vertical bar( ' ) above and  in front of the syllable.

It is two types 1.word stress. 2.sentence stress.

WORD STRESS:

Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) have strong forms. They receive stress or emphasized in speech.

structural words ( articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and helping verbs) have weak forms. Usually they are unstressed. These words make up almost 50% of the spoken English.

Ex:          'Ravi 'put his 'books on the table.

STRESS IN DISYLLABIC WORDS:

In disyllabic words, either the first or the second or both the syllables are stressed.

Ex:          'English, 'Teacher, 'Doctor, 'actor,   'open, 'item (stress on the first syllable)

 a'bout,  be'come, con'sult,  de'sire, ex'pand (stress on the second syllable)

'Blackboard, 'download ( compound words take stress on first syllable)

STRESS IN POLYSYLLABIC WORDS:

Stress in words having more than two syllables varies considerably.

Ex:          'Per.ma.nent ( stress on first syllable) ,

Per.'mi.ssion(stress on second syllable),

Un.der.'stand( stress on third syllable)

In polysyllabic words, the root words are stressed and  prefixes and suffixes are generally not stressed.

                Ex:          Dis-con'nect,  Il-'logical,  La'borato-ry, Des'crib-ing.

STRESS SHIFT IN DERIVED WORDS:

The syllabic stress shifts as the word form changes.

Ex:          'democrat( stress on first syllable)

De'mocracy( stress on second syllable)

Demo'cratic( stress on third syllable)

STRESS SHIFT ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:

Usually, nouns and adjectives of stress on the first syllable, and when the same words are used as verbs, the stress falls on the second syllable.

Ex:          VERBS   --- NOUNS

to record             --- a record

to permit             ---  a permit

to address           --- an address

to export             --- an export

to transport        --- a transport

to transfer          --- a transfer

SENTENCE STRESS:

Not every word in a sentence or every syllable in a word carries equal stress. The strong or accented syllables occur at regular intervals of time. Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) are stressed, while functional words ( prepositions, conjunctions, demonstratives) are not. Sentence stress is marked with dashes and dots.

Ex:          I went out to dinner last night.

In the above sentence, the words 'went', 'dinner, 'last' and 'night' are stressed.

Distribution of accented and unaccented syllables is a very important feature of spoken English. The rhythm of English speech requires us to pronounce the accented syllables clearly, while the unaccented syllables are spoken rapidly.

Shifting the stress within a sentence can influence the meaning of the sentence.

Ex:          I like boiled 'eggs ( specifically eggs, not potatoes)

I like 'boiled eggs ( specifically boiled, not fried)

I 'like boiled eggs (specifically like, not hate)

'I like boiled eggs (specifically I,  not someone)

QuestionNo.3:  CONJUNCTION

A Conjunction is used to link words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

                 Ex:         Balu is a driver. Ramu is a driver (Balu and Ramu are drivers)

               The man is poor. He is honest (The man is poor, but honest)

A co-coordinating conjunction joins together sentences of equal rank.

Ex: and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.

A Subordinating conjunction joins supplies to another on which it depends for its full meaning.

                Ex: after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while etc

A Correlative Conjunctions is used in pairs.

Ex: either-or, neither-nor, so-that, both-and, not only-but also, no sooner-than, not-or etc

Sentences with conjunctions and connecting words

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

She teaches English and Mathematics.

He studied hard but failed

She teaches English besides Mathematics

Do you like tea or coffee?

There has been no rainfall for some time. The ground is therefore dry.

We lost our way, so we were late

SUBORDINATE CONJUCTIONS:

As he is ill, he cannot come to school

After we had talked on the phone, [main clause]I wrote down what we had decided.

Before we left at four o’clock, [main clause]we had something to eat.

If you work hard, you will pass

Wait here till I come back

She cannot stand because she is very weak

Unless you work hard, you will not pass

As long as the waves are high enough, we can go surfing.

Provided that he pays a fine, he will not have to go to jail. (formal)

She likes swimming, even in winter.

Don't drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully.

Do you know how to ride a snowboard?

They worked hard for the test, however, they failed.

Take your mobile with you in case you miss the bus.

He looks very fit in spite of his age.

Look at the map, please. Otherwise you'll get lost.

Since he's lost his money, he couldn't go to the restaurant.

I don't know what to say.

When you're in London, write an e-mail to me.

I'm going home whether you like it or not.

This book is very popular, even though, I don't like it.

She goes to the tennis club because she likes to play tennis.

Although the great fire destroyed, only six people died.

My father works hard, even though he is sixty. (eventhough is more emphatic than although)

We found a school, but it was closed (but always comes before clause)

We found a school, it was closed though.(though comes after clause)

CORRELATIVE CONJUCTIONS:

You can go either right or left.

We can either go to the cinema or to the café.

Neither drinks nor food are allowed in this room.

I have either left my bag on the bus or at the office

I have no money, I have no land either.

The road was closed. I could go neither right nor left

She teaches not only English but also Mathematics

Note:

both followed by its proper correlative so place it immediately before the words to which it refers

                             Both John and as well as his father were present. (wrong)

                              Both John and his father were present.

both has positive sense and can’t be used in negative sense, in such case use neither…nor ie,

                                Both John and his father were not present there (wrong,)

                                Neither John nor his father were present

Do not use thought and but together,

   Though he is hardworking, but he can’t pass this year (omit but)

                                 Though he is hardworking, he can’t pass this year

Hardly or Scarcely are followed by when or before not by but, than or that

                                He had scarcely reached his home than it began to rain (wrong)

                                                He had scarcely reached his home when it began to rain

No sooner is followed by than.

No sooner did he finish his speech than the audience began applauding.

After the adjective other the only word that can be correctly used is than

                                 He had no other object but to get back his money (wrong)

                                 He had no other object than to get back his money

If such is used as a pronoun in the beginning of sentence, it should be followed by that.

                                Such was her ambition that she found nothing to satisfy her (correct)

Unless means if not and therefore, it should not be used in a sentence which is already negative

                                Unless you do not work hard you will fail in the exam (wrong)

                                Unless you work hard you will fail in the exam

Lest expresses a negative purpose (so that….not) and therefore it should not be followed by not.

                                Walk slowly, lest you should not fall (wrong)

                                Walk slowly, lest you should fall (correct)

When suppose is used in the beginning of a sentence, it is not followed by if

                                Supposing if she comes to your house, how will you face her (wrong)

                                Supposing she comes to your house, how will you face her (correct)

EXERCISE:

Task1: Identify the conjunction in the following sentences. 1. I waited till the train arrived. 2. Catch me if You can. 3. We can travel by land or water. 4. The earth is larger than the moon. 5. Bread and milk is wholesome food

Task 2: Join the sentences by using a suitable conjunction. 1. My brother is well. My sister is ill.    2. He sells mangoes. He sells oranges. 3. He did not succeed. He walked hard. 4. I honor him. He is a brave man.  5. He is is not a fool. He  is not a knave.

Task3: Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.

1. I ran fast, ______ I missed the train.

2._____you try, you will not succeed.

3. Wait ______ I return.

4._______ you eat too much, you will be ill.

5. He remained at home _______ he was ill.

6. Three _____ three make six.

7. Is his name Ravi _____ Raju?

8. Give me me _____ poverty ____ riches.

9. Make hay ______ the sun shines.

10. We will come, _____ it rains _____ not.

11. Live well ___________  you may die well.

12. Man proposes  ___________ God disposes.

13. Time ___________  tide do not wait for anybody.

14. I believe him ___________ he is truthful.

15. The vase will break ___________ you drop it

16. ___________ I am poor, I am not dishonest.

17. She writes slowly___________ neatly.

18. Is this my book___________ yours.

19. Ravi is taller ___________I.

20. I shall not go ___________ I am invited.

21. ___________ I were a bird, I would fly.

22.  ___________you are mistaken, ___________ I am.

23. My grandfather died  ___________ I was born.

24  We arrived  ___________ you had gone.

25. ___________  he was not there, I spoke to his brother.

QuestionNo.4:"With the Photographer"- Stephen Leacock

Stephen Leacock (1869-1944) is a modern English prose writer.  He has written many prose pieces.  All his prose pieces are known for their subtle humor.  They talk about real life situations.  With the Photographer is an extract from ‘Behind the beyond’. It is a short prose that describes the Leacock’s experience with a photographer.  Leacock, as is the regular case, gets a bitter experience.

Leacock goes to a photographer to get himself photographed.  He waits for an hour even when there is no other customer is waiting.  He reads Ladies Companion (1912), Girls’ Magazine (1902) and Infants’ Journal (1888). The photographer is a grave man.  He calls Leacock into the inner room and rolls a machine into the middle of the room. He crawled into the machine and waits for some time. Leacock was thinking that the photographer was praying for god.  The photographer is not satisfied with the Leacock’s face.  He says that Leacock looks ugly.  He then concludes that he would shoot three quarter view of Leacock.  Leacock acknowledges this and starts reasoning about the decision but the photographer do not respond or care for what Leacock is talking.

The photographer hides himself behind the camera and comes out of it.  He comes close to Leacock.  Leacock thinks that the photographer is going to kiss him but he turns Leacock’s face that would be good for a pose.  The photographer gives a series of instructions to Leacock, like close mouth, drop ears, roll eyes, put the hands on the knees, turn the face upwards, bend the neck, expand lungs, contrast the face, etc., The photographer wanted to show that he was a professional photographer. Leacock is confused and he is frightened.  Leacock becomes impatient. He scolds the photographer and says “This face is mine, it’s not yours, I lived with this for forty years, I know it’s not beautiful, but it’s my only face.” when Leacock trying to rise from the chair, the photographer clicks a shot.  Leacock is shocked.

The photographer asks Leacock to check the proof on Saturday and the photograph would be delivered by Sunday.  On Saturday Leacock is further shocked on seeing the proof.  The photographer says that he has edited the eyes, eyebrows and the mouth.  He also plans to edit his ears.  Leacock wanted to take a photograph that would resemble him and something that his friends might keep after his death. He shouts at the photographer for editing his photo and advices him to go on editing it by remove eyes, correct mouth, adjust the face, restore lips, reanimate the neck tie, reconstruct the waistcoat, coat it with inch of gloss and keep it for yourself and your friends. He acknowledges that the edited photo is a worthless item for him. He says that he loves his original face than the altered one.  He leaves the photo studio with tears.

Conclusion:

Initially, Leacock doesn’t like his original face. But at the end of the story, he realized the value of his original face.

QuestionNo.4:  A TREATISE ON GOOD MANNERS AND GOOD BREEDING

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) is an Irish writer, famous satirist, essayist, poet and priest.  He is well known for writing ‘Gulliver’s Travels’. Swift won the hearts of his readers with his playful and humorous style of writing. A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breading is a thought provoking essay written by him. It illustrates the draw backs of rigidly following “good manners” without following “good sense”.Swift exposes many illusions about good manners.For Swift good manners are not inherited but learned.

Manners are some standards of conduct imposed in a society. There are different types of manners, like for example table manners. Manners vary from depending on the culture and society. In this essay, Swift defines manners as: “the art of making those people with whom we converse” and then lists the requirements of good manners. Swift illustrates the violations of manners. He says that our behaviour should suite to three degrees of people: our seniors, our equals and our juniors. One example of a rude behaviour is to force our superiors or equals to eat or drink and force them to accept our hospitality. Hence, we should respect their sentiments and it is one of the features of good manners.Another rule to employ good manners is to control the three sources of ill manners, i.e.; pride, lack of sense and ill nature. The good manners are mastered through good sense. This good sense is the foundation of good manners.

He says,"Good manners are not a plant of court growth". In olden days, courts of the kings are known places for officialness. Swift explains few ceremonies as examples where, over civility made many people feel uneasy. Ceremonial behavior are no where better seen than at the tables where ladies preside. In another event, an honest gentleman was kept for four days at friend’s house against his will. A great lady’s dress was stained by a dish of sauce once. On another occasion, two plates of china were broken into twenty pieces each by a Dutch envoy and his thirteen years old son! As another example, he narrated an incident between a prince and a queen which reflects ill manners. Thus, Swift firmly says, "Good manners comes from good sense, not from good place."

In addition, Swift also points out the flaws in human nature. One such major flaw is Pedantry. Pedantry is an excessive attention to the minute details. Sometimes people try to exhibit themselves than they exactly are. They overestimate the value of their knowledge when that knowledge is proved to be little important, pedantry reaches its highest degree.

Good manners are valued everywhere than the good breeding. Good breeding can be attained without study and labor, whereas good manners need a degree of reason. Swift also states that necessary part of  good manners is a "punctual observance of time at our dwellings”, this then meaning to manage your time wisely, be punctual and attend of your environment, to be able to decide how you formally act.

               To conclude the theme of good manners is really complex. In this essay, Swift deals with each aspect of good manners with suitable examples. His sense of humour appears in all the example situations narrated in this essay. He asserts that good sense forms the strong foundation of good manners. But he admits that good sense is a gift bestowed on a very few people. So everyone must strive to acquire good sense that automatically leads people to practice good manners.We are not born with manners, but instead these are learnt from your loved ones.

QuestionNo.5: Ode on Solitude – Alexander Pope

Reference:

These lines are taken from the poem “Ode on Solitude” written by Alexander Pope. He wrote this poem in 1700 A.D. Ode is a lyrical poem. Solitude means loneliness. We may wonder because he wrote this poem at the age of 12.

Context:

These lines in the poem are about solitude, a mature concept, particularly about wishing to die alone. This is Pope’s oldest surviving poem. Pope describes a romantic oversimplification of the rural man’s life. He considered the farmer blessed.

Explanation:

The speaker exclaims that the man who inherited a few acres of land from his parents, where he can breathe his native air, is the happiest man. The speaker continues to describe the man as self-sufficient and his land provides for all of his needs. His herds provide him with milk, he makes his own bread from the grain he grows in his own fields, he makes his own clothes from his own sheep’s wool, and his trees shade him from the sun in summer and supply wood for heating his home in winter. He has no need of anything beyond his own land.

The speaker portrays this rural farmer as a satisfied individual for whom time passes swiftly, because the farmer has “health of body” and “peace of mind.” The farmer sleeps “sound by night.” He is free to study leisurely and enjoy “sweet recreation.” He passes his days harmlessly and enjoys his hours of quiet meditation. The narrator considered this farmer blessed! 

The speaker wishes for escapism, and begs for an unseen life. He wants to live “unheard, unknown.” He wants to be like the farmer at least in his status as a commoner who lived silently and when he dies, he wants no fanfare. He just wants to flit off from the world and not even have his name engraved on a tombstone.

QuestionNo.5: The Proposal- Anton Chekhov

Reference:

These lines are taken from ‘The Proposal’ (originally titled ‘A Marriage Proposal’), a one-act play, written by the Russian short story writer and dramatist Anton Chekhov. It was written in 1888–89 and first performed in 1890. The Proposal is a one-act play which observes the three unities, i.e., the unity of time, unity of place & the unity of action.

Context:

The above lines show the discussion among Chubukov (a land owner), Natalya (25 year old daughter of Chubukov) and Lomov (a 35 year old man, neighbor of Chubukov) in the play. ‘The Proposal’ displays how the rich want to marry their children into other wealthy families with the aim of enhancing their wealth.

Explanation:

Lomov enters his neighbor Chubukov’s house fully dressed up in his evening attire. Chubukov is surprised and asks him the occasion. Lomov tells that he had come to ask for Chubukov’s daughter, Natalya’s hand in marriage, Chubukov gets filled with excitement and leaves to call Natalya. Lomov is a 35 year- old gentleman who suffers from palpitations, thinks it is the best age for him to get married. According to him, Natalya is average-looking and a good housekeeper.

When Natalya arrives, Lomov begins the conversation about his land, he somehow mentions about Oxen Meadows which earlier was a disputed property but is now his. Natalya believes that Oxen Meadows belong to her family. Both of them enter into a heated discussion. Chubukov enters just to get the conversation more heated. They throw Lomov out of the house and continue cursing him. Chubukov unintentionally reveals that he had come with a marriage proposal, for which Natalya surprises and she tells her father to bring him back immediately. Chubukov curses himself on being a father of a grown-up daughter.

When Lomov returns, Natalya says sorry and tries to deviate to another topic and somehow they enter into an argument about their dogs. Natalya feels that her Squeezer is better than Lomov’s Guess. They continue arguing when Chubukov enters the scene only to make the situation worse, once again. Lomov finally falls due to his palpitations. Natalya notices that he is unconscious. They try to get water down his throat but end unsuccessful and declare him dead.

          When Lomov moves a little bit, they feed him some water and Chubukov forcefully hands over Natalya’s hands to him, gives his blessings and asks them to kiss. Lomov, still not fully conscious doesn’t understand what is going on. Natalya, being childish as she is, manipulates him into accepting that Squeezer is better than Guess but Lomov, being adamant as he is, refuses to accept it. Thus, once again, the quarrelling continues.

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