POETRY
Quotes:
POETRY
Poetry is a type of literature
based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often employs rhyme and meter.
It is probably the oldest form of literature.
Quotes:
o Rhythmic creation of Beauty is
poetry- Edgar Allan Poe
o Tale is Superior to poem -Edgar Allan Poe
o “Poetry is a speaking (picture)
image- with this end, to teach and delight”- Sidney in An Apology for Poetry.
o Poetry, therefore, we will call
Musical Thought. - Thomas Carlyle
o Poetry is a sort of inspired mathematics
- Ezra pound
o Poetry is the spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility- William
Wordsworth.
o Prose = words in their best order; poetry = the best words in their best order -
Coleridge in ‘Table Talk’
o “Poetry is the record of the
best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds” ― Percy Bysshe Shelley in A Defense of Poetry
o “Poetry is simply the most
delightful and perfect form of utterance that human words can reach.” – Mathew Arnold
o "Art of uniting pleasure
with truth" (Dr. Samuel
Johnson: The Study of Poetry)
o Poetry is criticism of life- Mathew Arnold in ‘The Study of Poetry’
o Poetry is a vehicle for
morality, truth and beauty. – Northrop Fyre in ‘Anatomy of Criticism’
o "Poetry is emotion put into
measure." (Thomas Hardy:
The Poet)
Poetry
is two kinds:
1.
Subjective Poetry: centered on
poet’s own thoughts and feelings (internal). Values the experience of the mind,
rather than eye and ear. Ex: Lyric and Elegy
2.
Objective Poetry: centered on deeds, events and things around
us(external). Values the experiences of eye and ear, rather than mind. Ex:
Ballad, Epic, Drama
(This division is more theoretical than
practical, as it is almost impossible to categorize them.)
Poetical forms:
1)
Lyric: In its original Greek meaning a song sung to
the accompaniment of the lyre or harp.
Lyrikos (Greek term) = a short poem. Lyric is a subjective poem. It deals with a
single emotion. In its present use it is
any short poem which expresses the poet’s thoughts and feelings. The ode, the
elegy and the sonnet are special forms of the lyric. Edgar Allan Poe says, “A long lyric was not possible”
2)
Ode: An ode is a long lyric poem serious in
subjects, elevated in style and elaborate in stanzaic structure and usually
taking the form of address. Oide (Greek
term) = song. Pindar is known as “Father of Ode”
Ex: Shelly’s Ode
to Liberty; Keats’ Ode to Nightingale, Ode to a Grecian Urn, Ode to Psyche.
Types:
a) Pindar Ode or Dorian (Choric): This ode was named after an ancient Greek
poet, Pindar (5th-6th century BC), who began
writing choral poems that were meant to be sung at public events, in
celebrations of victories of athletes in Olympic Games. It contains three
triads;
i. strophe (moving from right to left),
ii. antistrophe (left to right), and
iii. final stanza as epode (stand still),
with irregular rhyme patterns and
lengths of lines. Ex: Wordsworth’s Intimations Ode.;
Shelly’s Ode to West Wind
b) Horatian Ode or Lesbian (Non-Choric): The name of this ode was taken from the Latin
poet, Horace. Unlike heroic odes of Pindar, Horatian ode is simple,
informal, meditative and intimate. These odes dwelled upon interesting subject
matters that were simple and were pleasing to the senses. Since Horatian odes
are informal in tone, they are devoid of any strict rules.
Ex: Keat’s Ode to Autumn
c) Irregular Ode: Introduced by Abraham Cowley. This type of ode is without any formal rhyme
scheme, and structure such as the Pindaric ode. Hence, the poet has great
freedom and flexibility to try any types of concepts and moods. William
Wordsworth and John Keats were such poets who extensively wrote irregular odes,
taking advantage of this form. Ex: Wordsworth’s Immortality Ode.
3)
Sonnet: Sonnetto (Italian word) = a small sound.
Lyrical poem of 14 Iambic Pentameter lines. Two types are:
a) Petrarchan or Italian (having an
Octave and a Sestet,). Rhyming scheme: abbaabba cdecde or cdccdc (8+6),
named after the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. Octave raises a problem
or argument, there is a Caesura at the end of the octave. Sestet gives
resolution. The 9th line is called Volta (Turn in the thought).
d) Shakespearean or English (Having three
quatrains and a couplet).
Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced
sonnet in English first in 16th century. He divided sestet into a
quatrain and couplet as cddc ee (8+4+2).
Earl of Surrey (Thomas Howard) divided octane into two quatrains (4+4+4+2)
and beautified them with rhyming meter.
Shakespeare made it perfect. He wrote 154 sonnets (1-126 were addressed to Mr.W.H, 127-154 were
addressed to Dark Lady. Rhyming scheme: abab cdcd efef gg (4+4+4+2).
Spencer interlinked each quatrain to another. His rhyming scheme was abab/bcbc/cdcd/ee
(3 quatrain + 1 rhyming couplet)
Famous sonnets: John Milton,
“When I Consider How My Life Is Spent”; Gerard Manley Hopkins, “Pied Beauty”; Dante
Gabriel Rossetti, The House of Life; William Wordsworth, “The World Is Too Much
With Us”; Sir Thomas Wyatt, “I Find No Peace”
Sonnet-18 by Shakespeare
Shall I compare
thee to a summer’s day? A
Thou art more
lovely and more temperate: B
Rough winds do
shake the darling buds of May, A
And summer’s
lease hath all too short a date; B
Sometime too hot
the eye of heaven shines, C
And often is his
gold complexion dimm'd; D
And every fair
from fair sometime declines, C
By chance or
nature’s changing course untrimm'd; D
But thy eternal
summer shall not fade, E
Nor lose
possession of that fair thou ow’st; F
Nor shall death
brag thou wander’st in his shade, E
When in eternal
lines to time thou grow’st: F
So long as men
can breathe or eyes can see, G
So long lives
this, and this gives life to thee. G
Important sonnet series:
Astrophel and Stella (1580)- Philip Sydney- Astrophel=aster=star,
Phil=lover, Stella=star; Sydney wrote these 108 sonnets and 11 songs for his
Penelope.
Amoretti (1594)- Spencer- For his love Elizabeth Boyle; 88
sonnets.
Delia (1592)- Samuel Daniel- 50 sonnets.
Idea Mirror (1594) -Drayton- 44 sonnets to Pheobe; reworked it into 73
sonnets as Idea (1619).
Caelica (1603)- Fulk Greville- 109 sonnets.
Sonnets (1609)- Shakespeare- 126 (fair and Youth) + 28 (dark lady) =154
4)
Elegy: In Greek/Roman literatures “elegy” denotes
any poem written elegiac meter (Alternative Hexameter and Pentameter lines).
Now elegy is limited to mourning, laments on the death of a person. Three stages in elegy are: Great grief or
sorrow for the dead, praise/admiration for the dead and acceptance
of the loss/consolation. Ex: In old English Wanderer, Seafarer poems;
a) Personal Elegy: formal lament, ending in consolation.
Ex.
Tennyson’s In
Memoriam (1850) -on death of his friend Arthur Henry Hallam;
W.H.Auden’s In
memory of W.B.Yeats(1940)- on the death of W.B.Yeats
Fulk Greville’s
The Phoenix Nest- on the death of Philip Sydney.
Dryden’s
Thernodia Augustalis- on the death of Charles-II
Arnold’s Rugby Chapel -on the death of his
father.;
Gray’s Elegy written in
a country Churchyard- on the death of
Richard West;
b)
Pastoral Elegy: The pastoral
elegy is a poem about both death and idyllic rural life. Often with Shepherds. pastor=Shepard in Latin.; originated by
Sicilian Greek poet- Theocritus in his “Idylls and Epigrams”, perfected
by Roman Virgil in hic “Eclogues and Georgics”.
Ex:
Spencer’s Astrophel (1595) -on the
death of Sydney;
Milton’s Lycidas
(1638) -on the death of Edward
King.;
P.B. Shelly’s Adonais (1821) -on the death of
John Keats.
Arnold’s Thyrsis (1866)
-on death of Hugh Clough;
Whitman’s O
Captain, My Captain- On the death of Abraham Lincoln;
5)
Opera: Musical Drama. Theatrical entertainment with
Orchestra music predominating.
6)
Parody: form of burlesque which imitates another
author’s work in style, subject etc. to ridicule it.
7) Pastoral: Borrowed from the Greek, the pastoral – poem,
play or romance- presents shepherds or simple rustic life in an idealized
manner. Famous Pastorals: Shepherd’s
Calendar, As You Like It, Lycidas and Thyrsis.
8)
Monody: Poem mourning some one’s death spoken by a
single person, Ex. Milton’s Lycidas, Arnold’s Thyrsis.
9) Threnody: A threnody is a
wailing ode, song, hymn or poem of mourning composed or performed as a memorial
to a dead person.
Note: Dirge, Threnody,
monody, Eclogues are often used as synonyms for the elegy/pastoral.
10)
Idyll: Idyllion (Greek term) = A little picture. It
is a short poem of no set form. Short verse or prose piece depicting pastoral
or romantic sense. Ex. Theocritus’s” Idylls and Epigrams”. Tennyson’s Idylls of the King. Milton’s L’Alegro.
11) Epic or Heroic
Poem: A long narrative poem celebrating
the achievements of a national hero or heroes in a dignified style. Epic was ranked “second only to tragedy’ by Aristotle.
Epic Conventions:
i)
Theme of the epic
(Proposition) is stated in first few lines of the accompanied by a
prayer to muse(invocation).
ii)
Setting of the
poem is worldwide or even bigger. Hero is a national or cosmic figure.
iii) Uses certain conventional poetic devices such
as Homeric Simile (to compare), and Homeric Epithet (to describe
(adjective))
iv) Narrative begins by a question (Epic
Question).
v)
Narrative begins in
Medias res (in the middle of the events / or a critical point of action).
Flashbacks are often used to describe the past events. Ex: Paradise Lost(epic), Hamlet(drama).
vi) Action in the epic uses supernatural
agents/gods/ war, battles, duels etc.
vii) Generally Epic is divided into 12 books. Iliad
and Odyssey (24books each); paradise lost (12); Faire Queen (planned to write
12, but only 6 completed)
Ex. The Ramayana, The
Mahabharata, Beowulf by unknown author, the classic examples of European
Literature are Homer’s the Iliad and The Odyssey, Virgil’s The Aeneid.;
Milton’s Paradise Lost.; Spencer’s Faire Queen.; Byron’s Don Juan.; Keats’
Hyperion.; Wordsworth’s The Prelude. Eliot’s The Waste Land.
12)
Mock Epic: short narrative poem with epic conventions.
Satirical work that produces humor by using low characters in Epic style. Ex: Iliad’s Battle of Frogs and Mice; Swift’s
‘Battle of Books’, Pope’s ‘Rape of the Lock’
13)
Ballad: short story in verse. Etymologically “A
Dancing Song”. It is a simple song transmitted orally, which tells a short
story. Its subjects are deeds rather than thoughts. It is a quatrain stanza.
Ex: Chevychase- Oldest, about a border fight; The wife of Usher’s Well- Threes sons of a widow returns after drowning
in sea; Wynkin De Worde’s Robin
Hood ballads (1495); Coleridge’s – The
Rime of Ancient Mariner and Christabel; Keats’ – La Belle Dame Sans Merci.; Sir Pratrick Spens, Nut Brown Maid, Scott’s
Lady of The last Minstel; Wordsworth’s We are seven; Kipling’s Barrack Room
Ballads;
Broadside Ballad: A ballad printed on one side of a single
sheet.
Mock Ballad: It has a comic theme. Ex: Cowper’s John
Gilpin; William Maginn’s- The Rime of ancient Waggoner. (parody of Mariner)
14) Satire: found both in verse and prose. It has no set
form. Composition which lashes vice or folly with ridicule. It is an
attack on a person or on a social evil or folly.
Famous English examples in poetry: Dryden’s
Absalom and Ahithophel, Mac Flecknoe;
Pope’s Dunciad, Rape of the Lock; Samul
Butler’s Hudibras; Byron’s Don Juan, The vision of the Judgment;
Famous English examples in prose: Swift’s Gulliver’s
Travels, Cervantes’s Don Quixote;
Swift, Addison, Johnson’s Essays; G.B. Shaw’s Plays
15) Epithalamion: (Nuptial
song or marriage song) in praise of a bride and bridegroom. Ex:
Edmund Spenser's Epithalamion is an ode written to his bride, Elizabeth Boyle,
on their wedding day in 1594.
16) Villanelle (also
known as villanesque): A 19-line poem
divided into five tercets and one quatrain.
It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains: the first
line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the second and fourth
stanzas, and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the
third and fifth stanzas. The fixed-form villanelle, containing the
nineteen-line dual-refrain, derives from Jean Passerat's poem "Villanelle
(J'ay perdu ma Tourterelle)", published in 1606. Probably the most
famous English villanelle is Dylan Thomas’s “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good
Night.”
Terms
related to poetry:
Syllable: The number of times that you hear the sound of
a vowel (A, E, I, O, U) when pronouncing the letters, A, E, I, O, U, or Y is
the number of syllables in a word.
Monosyllabic: Words having only one syllable. Ex: act;
cat; book.
Disyllabic: Words having only two syllables. Ex: wo-men;
cri-tic; be-side;
Trisyllabic: Words having only three syllables. Ex:
beau-ti-ful; to-mor-row; po-pu-lar
Polysyllabic: Words having four or more syllables. Ex:
in-tel-li-gent; per-so-ni-fi-ca-tion;
How to count syllables?
a) Count the number of vowels (A, E, I, O, U) in
the word.
b) Add 1 every time the letter 'y' makes the
sound of a vowel (A, E, I, O, U). Ex:
fry, try, cry, & dry.
c) Subtract 1 for each silent vowel (like the
silent 'e' at the end of a word).
d) Subtract 1 for each Diphthong: when 2
vowels make only 1 sound (au, oy, oo) or Triphthong: when 3 vowels make
only 1 sound (iou) in the word.
e) The number you get is the number of syllables
in your word.
Stress: In poetry, the term stress refers to the
emphasis placed on certain syllables in words. For instance, in the word
“happily” the emphasis is on the first syllable (“hap”), so “hap” is the first
“stressed” syllable and the other two syllables (“pi” and “ly”) are
“unstressed.
Rhyme: correspondence of sound between words. Ex: birth-earth. It gives pleasure, creates
mood, tone, structure and highlights words. It is repetition of sounds, not
words. Ex: Repetition of words: food – flood (pronunciation is different),
repetition of sounds: said -head (pronounced in the same way).
1)
End rhyme: rhyme occurring on
stressed syllables at the ends of verse lines.
2)
Internal rhyme: rhyme occurring
within a single verse line
3) Masculine Rhyme (single rhyme): rhyme in which stress in on final syllable. (Note:
Last syllable is stressed). It is most common type. Ex: rhyme-sublime; Still-
hill, tear-fear.
4) Feminine Rhyme (double rhyme): rhyme with two or more syllables with a
stress on penultimate (second from last) syllable. (Note: Last syllable is
unstressed). Ex: ending- bending, treasure-measure; brother-mother.
5) Perfect Rhyme/ true/full rhyme: identical sounds.
6) Imperfect Rhyme/ half / partial/ approximate/
para rhyme: similar words, but not identical
sounds
7) Eye / visual/sight rhyme: word endings spelt alike, but have diff
pronunciations, because of shift in pronunciation. i.e., when spellings match but in pronunciation there is no rhyme, e.g.
want/pant, five/give.
Meter: refers to the basic rhythmic structure of
lines of verse. Study of meters and forms is known as “Prosody”. The
majority of English verse since Chaucer is accentual-syllabic, which
consists of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables within a fixed total
number of syllables in each line. Groups of syllables are known as metrical
feet.
Note:
1) Syllabic is common in French and Roman,
No of syllables in a line, without
regarding the fall of stress.
2)Accentual is common in Old
German and Old French,
No of stressed syllables without
regarding unstressed syllables.
3) English is Accentual and Syllabic.
Four
kinds of Foot: Unit of meter consisting of syllables
accented and unaccented. The commonest metrical foot in English is the iambic.
(Note: U-unstressed; ‘-stressed)
1) Iamb (da-DUM): × √ -contains 2
syllables. unstressed syllable followed by stressed syllable. Ex: Ua ‘bout; be long; pre
dict; a way; ex ist;
2) Trochee (DUM-da): √ × -Reverse
of Iamb. contains 2 syllables. stressed
syllable followed by unstressed syllable. Ex: ‘Fir-ue; ‘Doub ule;la-dies;
Speak-ing; Gar-land, ti-ger
3) Anapest (da-da-DUM): × × √ -contains 3 syllables, consists
of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable Ex: Uon Uthe iroad;
we saw men; and the sound; to the sea;
4)
Note:
Rising Meter: strong stress at the end
(Iamb- Anapest)
Falling Meter: Strong stress at the
beginning (Trochee- Dactyl)
(Remember the key word: ITAD:
About- Fire- on the road- bicycle)
Other kinds of feet are:
Spondee: (DUM-DUM) foot made up of two stressed
syllables.
Pyrrhic: (da-da) opposite of Spondee, foot made up of
two unstressed syllables.
Line of poem: Each line of a poem contains a certain number
of feet i.e., iambs, trochees, anapests, dactyls etc. each line of verse is
made up of a set number of feet. Length of a line is measured by meters.
Thus: Monometer: one foot per
line; Dimeter: two feet per line; Trimeter: three; Tetrameter:
four; Pentameter: five; Hexameter: six; Heptameter: seven;
Octameter: eight feet per line.
1) If a pentameter line contains iambs, that is Iambic Pentameter (5 iambs) = 10 syllables.
da DUM/ da DUM /da DUM /da DUM/ da DUM
2) If a tetrameter line contains trochees, that
is Trochaic Tetrameter (4 Trochees) = 8 syllables.
3) If a trimeter line contains anapests, that is Anapestic
Trimeter (3 anapests) = 9 syllables.
Caesura: (Latin for
"cutting") is a metrical
pause or break in a verse where one phrase ends and another phrase begins. It
may be expressed by a comma (,), a tick (✓), or two lines, either slashed (//) or
upright (||). It often occurs in the middle of a line, or sometimes at the
beginning and the end.
Ex:
I’m nobody! || Who are you? Are you
nobody, too? (Emily Dickinson’s Poem)
“Where are the songs of Spring? || Ay,
where are they?” (To Autumn-by Keats)
“To err is human, || to forgive is
divine” (An Essay on Criticism- by Pope)
Enjambment: It is contrast to
Caesura. It is a literary device in which a line of poetry carries its idea or
thought over to the next line without a grammatical pause. With enjambment, the
end of a poetic phrase extends past the end of the poetic line. This means that
the thought or idea “steps over” the end of a line in a poem and into the
beginning of the next line. Ex: T.S.
Eliot utilizes enjambment as a literary device in his poem “The Waste Land”:
April is the cruelest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
Note: A caesura refers to a pause added into
a line of poetry, whilst enjambment removes a pause from the end of a
line to allow two or more lines to be read together
Blank
verse, Free verse and Prose:
Blank Verse: (It has rhythm, meter but no rhyming).
Unrhymed iambic pentameter
decasyllabic verse. Introduced by Surrey in English. It is the normal of tragic drama. Outside
drama, Milton was the first poet to use it in his greatest epic poem, Paradise Lost. Other Examples: Marlowe’s
Dr. Faustus, Wordsworth’s Prelude, Eliot’s The Wasteland.
Iambic pentameter is common in English poetry
and language. “About 3/4th of English
poetry is in Blank Verse”- Paul Fussell.
Verse Libre/ Free Verse: (It has no rhythm, no
meter, but there may be rhyming.) Free verse does not proceed by a strict set of rules; however, it
is not considered to be completely free. It is verse without regular meter. T. S. Eliot is a great exponent of free
verse and much of ‘modernist’ poetry. Robert
Frost said, ‘’Writing free verse is like playing tennis with the net down.”
Prose: ordinary speech, without any metrical
structure of poetry.
Stanza: Stanza= stooping place in Italian. When a poem
is divided into sections, each section is known as a stanza. Stanzas usually
share the same structure as the other stanzas within the poem. Ex: Tercet:
stanza of three verse lines; Quatrain: four; Quintain: five;
Sestet: six lines
Note: Canto, is an Italian
word used similar to stanza, it is division in a long poem (especially in
epic). Ex: Divine Comedy is divided into 99 cantos.
Couplet: Open and Close: If a couplet has a sentence that begins in the
first line and continues into the second line, this is called an open
couplet or a run-on couplet. (Enjambment is common). If the first line is a
complete sentence, followed by a complete sentence in the second line, (they
are end stopped, each line is independent) this is called a closed couplet
or a formal couplet. (Caesura is frequent).
Heroic Couplet: Iambic Pentameter lines commonly used in epic
and narrative poetry which rhyme aa, bb and so on. Use of the heroic couplet
was pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the
Canterbury Tales, and generally considered to have been perfected by John
Dryden and Alexander Pope in the Restoration Age and early 18th century
respectively.
Ex: Chaucer’s The Legend of the Good
Women, Pope’s Rape of the Lock. (no enjambment).
Quatrain: Made of four
lines. Ex: Ballad
Alexandrine: A line of six iambic feet used by Spenser to
close his stanza (Spenserian stanza)
Elegiac couplets: alternating lines of dactylic hexameter and
dactylic pentameter. The Roman poet Ennius introduced the elegiac couplet to
Latin poetry.
Rhyme Royal or Chaucerian Stanza: 7 lines- Introduced by Chaucer. Seven iambic
pentameter line decasyllabic stanza with the rhyme scheme ababbcc. (so called from its use by James I of Scotland in The
King’s Quair.). Best Example is
‘Troilus and Cressida’.
Ottava Rima: 8 lines-Introduced by Wyatt. Stanza of eight
iambic pentameter lines rhyming ababab
cc. used by Byron in Don Juan, The Vision of Judgement.
Spenserian Stanza: Nine
lines – Spencer used it in Faire Queen. eight are iambic pentameter lines, the
ninth is an Alexandrine (12 syllable
line). The rhyme scheme is abab-bcbc-c.
Used in Spenser’s Fairy Queen, Byron’s Childe Harold, Shelley’s Adonis, Keats’ Eve of St. Agnes, Tennyson’s The
Lotos Eaters.
The Eve of St Agnes- By Keats
St. Agnes’ Eve—Ah, bitter chill it was! A
The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold; B
The hare limp’d trembling through the frozen
grass,A
And silent was the flock in woolly fold: B
Numb were the Beadsman’s fingers, while he
told B
His rosary, and while his frosted breath, C
Like
pious incense from a censer old, B
Seem’d taking flight for heaven, without a death, C
Past the sweet Virgin’s picture, while his
prayer he saith. C
Ode
to the West Wind – by P B Shelly
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, A
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead,B
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, A
Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
B
Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, C
Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed B
The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
C
Each like a corpse within its grave, until
D
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow C
Curtall Sonnet: G.
M. Hopkins used it. 10 and ½ lines- i.e., 3/4th of Petrarchan
Sonnet. Octave becomes sestet (6), Sestet becomes quatrain (4), and followed by
a tail (half line)
Sprung Rhythm: Rhythm that depends on number of stresses
and not on number of syllables. Sprung rhythm is a poetic rhythm designed to
imitate the hythm of natural speech. It is constructed from feet in which the
first syllable is stressed and may be followed by a variable number of
unstressed syllables. The British poet Gerard Manley Hopkins derived this
from Anglo Saxon.
Vilanelle: 19-line dual-refrain poem. The form started as
a simple ballad-like song with no fixed form; this fixed quality would only
come much later, from Jean Passerat's poem "Villanelle”. The term derives
from the Italian villanella, referring to a rustic song or dance. Ex: Do Not
Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, written about the death of
Dylan Thomas’s father and was finished just before the author died himself.:
Tears, Idle Tears, by Lord Alfred Tennyson;
Limerick (5 lines): Father of Lmerick is
Edward Lear, used in joke poems, anapestic
trimeter with rhyme scheme AABBA. It has 9+9+6+6+9=39 syllables
Haiku (3 lines): Japanese variety, 5+7+5= 17 syllables poem.
Acrostic poem: the first letter of
each line spells a word. The word is the subject of the poem. Ex: On His
Blindness Poem by John Milton.
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