Deconstruction: (France)1960's 70's
A School of philosophy and
Criticism forged in the writings of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida and
Belgium / North American critic Paul De Man.
It is against western
culture, which is' logo centric" [="word rationality" in Greek]
Derrida says. They rely on
"the metaphysics of presence. This phrase is from Martin Heidegger.
It focuses upon close
critical reading to discover the ways to think. It is simply re-reading
breaking in to multiple meanings.
In ‘Of Grammantalogy’,
Derrida says (il
n'y a pas de hors-texte). There is no meaning outside the text.
Derrida began with
Saussurian idea of "Signified" (idea) and ‘signifier’ (sign) and
argues don't have fixed meaning.
They argues language is
inadequate to express the true meaning of a work.
Precursors of Deconstruction
are Nietzsche and Heideggar(German philosphers).
Key terms:-
Differance: It is a
portamanteau word Coined by Jacques Derrida (French).
-It is a combination of two
French words.
To
differ: no fixed
meaning. No relation between written and heard
To
deffer: means
"difference and defferal of meaning.
This misspelling (to
defer& to differ) highlights that fact that it is a written form is and not
heard.
It is concerned with
relation between text and meaning.
He used it show the
difference between Signifier & signified.
Aphoria: Double Bind/inseperable deadlock. Greek term to
denote logical contradiction meaning is doubt /irresolvable internal
Contradiction (- undecidable)
It is used by Derrida to
refer Blindspots of the text.
Empson used Aphoria to refer & Ambiguity
for Aphoria.
Polysemy: a decidable meaning or set multiple meanings to any utterance that we speak or write.
Empson used
‘ambiguitry'
Critics and
Books
Jacques Derrida:
-A French critic.Born in
Algeria to jewish family “structure, sign, and play" an essay presented in
a seminar at Johns Hopkins university (1966).
-Of Grammatology(1987)-about science of writing.
-Writing
&Differance - (1978) -
His essay "Structure, sign and play is includes in it.
-Dissimination (1982):Plato Views of writing. Structure, Sign play
is includes in it.
-Essays Hegel, Freud and
Foucalt.
-Margins of
Philosophy (1982) usage
Essays on -Hegels’ Semiology and about usage of metaphor.
Roland Barthes:
His earliest works are “Writing Degree zero” (1953), Mythologies
(1957). Elements of semiology (1966) and Introduction to the structural analysis of Narrative(1966)."
Pleasure of text (1973)
Mythologies: Ideological
Criticism of man bourgeois Culture (from advertise of Soap to Rome)
He says myth is not an
object, an idea, but a language, a type of speech.
“Death of an author”- author enters in to his own death when writing begins.
Always already written:
writers only can mix the existing writings.
The Birth of the reader must
be at the cost of the death of the author.
From Work to text (1971): Distinguishes b/w work & test Work- offers an
analysis of closed singified "meaning Telt - nevers halls at some
signified meaning
Essay ‘Death of an auther’ -
from
Malory’s Lemorte De Arthur
(against the traditional
criticism), auther's biography
-S/z (1970) -analysis of Sarrasineashort story [s/z are Sounds] of
Hanore de Balzac.
Example of structuralist
critical criticism.
32 pages short -story in 217
pages.
-Readerly writerly text
(legible&Scriptible)
‘strutural analysis of sign’
Mythologies (1957): in which
he used 5 types of codes
1.
Proairetic(of
action)
2.
Hermeneutic
(of puzzles)
3.
Semantic
connotatire (of themes)
4.
Symbolic
(of Syotitals)
5.
Referential
(of culture).
Michael Foucault:
Madness and Civilization (1961): first major book.
Studies how madness is
treated from middle ages to 19th
century.
The Birth of clinic: An Archeology
of medical perception.
The Order of things: An
Archeology of Human Sciences (1961).
Discipline and Punish: The
Birth of Prison (1975)
He terms technologies of
punishment of 2 types
Monorchial Punishment
:public and torturous poor to 18th century.
Disciplinary
Punishment: Incarceration of offenders
by prison officers.
Pantoption: is cylindrical prison design, where inmates a
are visible one another guards in the centre.
He adopted this from Jerome
Bentham to use Surveillance.
-It's impact on individual
initiation and society.
What is an author?" (1969)- basis for Now Historicism. against the traditional /
Subject
It's in sights were taken by
New Historicism.
-History of Sexuality(1976): basis for feminism. It explains the
workings of power.
Foucault Says "Power
Circulates in all directions to and from all social levels at all times.
C. S.Pierce (American philospher)
Three classes of signs:
1. Iconic: functions as a
sign Ex: Smoke
2. Index: Sign bears a
natural relation cause and effect.
3. Symbol: (sign proper)
relation between singnify item/Signifies.
Jean Baudrillard - French Socialogist post, structuralist called as
high Priest or Prophet of postmodernism.
Simulacra & Simulation
(1985) (Simulation) Artificially Produced mediated world.
Disneyland- refers to
hyper-reality in us( refers to America) It exists in orders to hide that it is
the real country, all of America that is Disneyland.
-It is a perfect model of
"Simulation".
The mirror of Production
(1973): critical of Marx and Analysis of capitalism.
"The system of
objects" (1968),
The consumer Society (1970)
both are Marxist in View.
Paul-D-Man: (Paul Adolf Michael de man)
Belgium
He applied Deconstruction to the reading of
literary texts
1. Blindness and Insight
2. Allegories of Reading
3. Rhetoric of Romanticism.
Barbara Johnson: A student of Paul-D-Man.
-Crition and crisis applied
deconstruction not only to literary texts but of the writings of other critics.
J. S Miller: formerly
associated with Geneva school later became deconstructionist.
"All reading is
necessarily misreading"
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